106urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:dddd9632-2f62-529d-aa08-fcb37c695039urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:73014291-F6B9-403A-8AC3-FAC9C44FEF36Acta Ichthyologica et PiscatoriaAIeP0137-15921734-1515Pensoft Publishers10.3897/aiep.53.101788101788Short CommunicationChondrichthyesOsteichthyesFaunistics & DistributionTheory & MethodologyAmericasLife below waterLength–weight relations of 39 continental-shelf and deep-water fishes (Actinopterygii) from northwestern Gulf of MéxicoChi-EspínolaAriel A.1Vega-CendejasM. Eugeniamaruvega@cinvestav.mxhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5462-069X1Hernández De SantillanaJ. Mirella1Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Peces, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yucatán, MexicoLaboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de PecesMéridaMexico
Corresponding author: M. Eugenia Vega-Cendejas (maruvega@cinvestav.mx)
Academic editor: Rodolfo Reyes
202323052023535964A4B24FC2-64D8-5E86-ACF9-B4E8F393C2F5F6267C13-6D1A-4FAE-AD92-C16CDCC0601B1002202325042023Ariel A. Chi-Espínola, M. Eugenia Vega-Cendejas, J. Mirella Hernández De SantillanaThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/F6267C13-6D1A-4FAE-AD92-C16CDCC0601B
Fishes from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico were surveyed during four oceanographic campaigns (February and October 2016, June and September 2017) using a shrimp trawl net and benthic sled net in 20 locations at depths that ranged from 43 to 3608 m. Length–weight relations (LWR) were estimated for 39 fish species (in alphabetical order): Bembropsgobioides (Goode, 1880); Centropristisphiladelphica (Linnaeus, 1758); Chauliodussloani Bloch et Schneider, 1801; Chlorophthalmusagassizi Bonaparte, 1840; Chloroscombruschrysurus (Linnaeus, 1766); Citharichthysspilopterus Günther, 1862; Coelorinchuscaelorhincus (Risso, 1810); Cyclopsettachittendeni Bean, 1895; Cyclothonealba Brauer, 1906; Cyclothonebraueri Jespersen et Tåning, 1926; Cyclothonepseudopallida Mukhacheva, 1964; Dibranchusatlanticus Peters, 1876; Epigonuspandionis (Goode et Bean, 1881); Fowlerichthysradiosus (Garman, 1896); Laemonemagoodebeanorum Meléndez et Markle, 1997; Lagocephaluslaevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766); Lepophidiumbrevibarbe (Cuvier, 1829); Lutjanuscampechanus (Poey, 1860); Malacocephalusoccidentalis Goode et Bean, 1885; Merlucciusalbidus (Mitchill, 1818); Micropogoniasfurnieri (Desmarest, 1823); Monolenesessilicauda Goode, 1880; Ogcocephalusdeclivirostris Bradbury, 1980; Peristediongreyae Miller, 1967; Porichthysplectrodon Jordan et Gilbert, 1882; Prionotuslongispinosus Teague, 1951; Prionotusparalatus Ginsburg, 1950; Pristipomoidesaquilonaris (Goode et Bean, 1896); Rhynchocongerflavus (Goode et Bean, 1896); Sardinellaaurita Valenciennes, 1847; Sauridabrasiliensis Norman, 1935; Sternoptyxdiaphana Hermann, 1781; Symphurusdiomedeanus (Goode et Bean, 1885); Synagropsbellus (Goode et Bean, 1896); Trachuruslathami Nichols, 1920; Trichiuruslepturus Linnaeus, 1758; Trichopsettaventralis (Goode et Bean, 1885); Urophyciscirrata (Goode et Bean, 1896); Zalieutesmcgintyi (Fowler, 1952). The fish species studied represented 28 families (in alphabetical order): Antennariidae, Batrachoididae, Bembropidae, Bothidae, Carangidae, Chlorophthalmidae, Congridae, Cyclopsettidae, Cynoglossidae, Dorosomatidae, Epigonidae, Gonostomatidae, Lutjanidae, Macrouridae, Merlucciidae, Moridae, Ogcocephalidae, Ophidiidae, Phycidae, Sciaenidae, Serranidae, Sternoptychidae, Stomiidae, Synagropidae, Synodontidae, TetraodontidaeTrichiuridae, Triglidae. A new maximum standard length (SL) was recorded for Cyclothonealba, C.braueri, C.pseudopallida, and Lepophidiumbrevibarbe. A positive allometric growth was reported in nine species, negative allometric growth in 16 species, and isometric growth in 14 species.
bathyalcontinental shelfdeep-water fishGulf of Mexicolength–weight relationNational Council of Science and Technology of Mexico - Mexican Ministry of Energy - Hydrocarbon Trust, project 201441Citation:
Chi-Espínola AA, Vega-Cendejas ME, Hernández De Santillana JM (2023) Length–weight relations of 39 continental-shelf and deep-water fishes (Actinopterygii) from northwestern Gulf of México. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 53: 59–64. https://doi.org/10.3897/aiep.53.101788
Introduction
Currently, demersal fishes in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico are under pressure from a growing industry focusing on oil exploration and extraction (Patiño-Ruiz et al. 2003). They are also affected by trawling, forming part of the discarded fauna from shrimp fishing in the area (Chávez-López and Morán-Silva 2019). One way to assess the scope and impact of these activities on biodiversity is by drawing up a list of the fish fauna in the area, as well as determining the affected life cycles, which are identified by studying the sizes of the fish specimens (Hernández-Padilla et al. 2020). For this process, length–weight relation (LWR) analyses are used, which commonly focus on identifying fish stocks, and the growth rate of a particular species, among others (Sandoval-Huerta et al. 2015). Therefore, the presently reported study was intended to determine the LWR of 39 dominant fish species from the northwestern region of the Gulf of Mexico in areas ranging from the continental shelf to the bathyal zone.
Materials and methods
Data collection was carried out during four oceanographic study surveys aboard the research vessel RV JUSTO SIERRA, each trip with an approximate duration of 10 days during the months of February and October 2016, and June and September 2017 (adequate weather conditions and project logistics). The activity was carried out at 20 sampling sites comprising depths between 43 and 3608 m. Two types of fishing gear were implemented, depending on the depth of each site, a shrimp trawl (18.29 m long and 4.57 cm mesh size) for depths between 50 and 500 m (9 sites) and a benthic sled net (32.4 m long and 2.5 cm mesh size) for depths between 500 and 3608 m (11 sites); both nets were hauled for one mile at a constant speed of 2.7 knots.
The collected fishes were labeled and immediately frozen at –20°C. They were subsequently transferred to the laboratory, where they were identified using specialized references (Carpenter 2002a, 2002b; McEachran and Fechhelm 2005). Individual weight and standard length (SL) were determined for all specimens and supplemented with the relevant site information, such as the coordinates, and depth. All specimens were measured and weighed fresh, fixed, and preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol. Some fish individuals were deposited in the ichthyological collection (CINV-NEC) of CINVESTAV-Merida in Mexico. The following 39 species, representing 28 families were investigated (Table 1), including Rhynchocongerflavus (Goode et Bean, 1896) [Congridae]; Sardinellaaurita Valenciennes, 1847 [Dorosomatidae]; Cyclothonealba Brauer, 1906, Cyclothonebraueri Jespersen et Tåning, 1926, Cyclothonepseudopallida Mukhacheva, 1964 [Gonostomatidae]; Sternoptyxdiaphana Hermann, 1781 [Sternoptychidae]; Chauliodussloani Bloch et Schneider, 1801 [Stomiidae]; Sauridabrasiliensis Norman, 1935 [Synodontidae]; Chlorophthalmusagassizi Bonaparte, 1840 [Chlorophthalmidae]; Coelorinchuscaelorhincus (Risso, 1810), Malacocephalusoccidentalis Goode et Bean, 1885 [Macrouridae]; Laemonemagoodebeanorum Meléndez et Markle, 1997 [Moridae]; Merlucciusalbidus (Mitchill, 1818) [Merlucciidae]; Urophyciscirrata (Goode et Bean, 1896) [Phycidae]; Lepophidiumbrevibarbe (Cuvier, 1829) [Ophidiidae]; Porichthysplectrodon Jordan et Gilbert, 1882 [Batrachoididae]; Chloroscombruschrysurus (Linnaeus, 1766), Trachuruslathami Nichols, 1920 [Carangidae]; Citharichthysspilopterus Günther, 1862, Cyclopsettachittendeni Bean, 1895 [Cyclopsettidae]; Monolenesessilicauda Goode, 1880, Trichopsettaventralis (Goode et Bean, 1885) [Bothidae]; Symphurusdiomedeanus (Goode et Bean, 1885) [Cynoglossidae]; Trichiuruslepturus Linnaeus, 1758 [Trichiuridae]; Bembropsgobioides (Goode, 1880) [Bembropidae]; Synagropsbellus (Goode et Bean, 1896) [Synagropidae]; Epigonuspandionis (Goode et Bean, 1881) [Epigonidae]; Centropristisphiladelphica (Linnaeus, 1758) [Serranidae]; Lutjanuscampechanus (Poey, 1860), Pristipomoidesaquilonaris (Goode et Bean, 1896) [Lutjanidae]; Prionotuslongispinosus Teague, 1951, Prionotusparalatus Ginsburg, 1950, Peristediongreyae Miller, 1967 [Triglidae]; Micropogoniasfurnieri (Desmarest, 1823) [Sciaenidae]; Fowlerichthysradiosus (Garman, 1896) [Antennariidae]; Dibranchusatlanticus Peters, 1876, Ogcocephalusdeclivirostris Bradbury, 1980, Zalieutesmcgintyi (Fowler, 1952) [Ogcocephalidae]; and Lagocephaluslaevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766) [Tetraodontidae].
Length–weight relations for 39 fish species caught in northwestern Gulf of México.
Species
Depth [m]
n
SL [cm]
Weight [g]
a
95% CIa
b
95% CIb
Growt type
R2
Reference data
Lm [cm]
Lmax [cm]
Rhynchocongerflavus
35
14.2–42.7
4.4–133.0
0.0012
0.001–0.003
3.055
2.817–3.293
I
0.954
—
150.0TL
Sardinellaaurita
51
7.0–19.3
4.1–99.3
0.0124
0.007–0.022
3.024
2.831–3.216
I
0.953
12.0TL
41.0TL
Cyclothonealba
≥500
75
1.3–5.6
0.02–0.42
0.0076
0.007–0.009
2.309
2.168–2.449
–A
0.936
1.56SL2
2.9SL
Cyclothonebraueri
≥500
22
1.4–4.6
0.02–0.23
0.0045
0.002–0.005
3.000
—
I
0.975
2.0SL,2
3.8SL
Cyclothonepseudopallida
≥500
71
1.5–4.8
0.02–0.51
0.0076
0.006–0.009
2.518
2.333–2.703
–A
0.914
1.75SL,2
4.6SL
Sternoptyxdiaphana
≥500
26
1.2–4.5
0.09–4.21
0.0503
0.041–0.062
2.892
2.671–3.114
I
0.968
—
5.5SL
Chauliodussloani
≥500
25
4.5–19.2
0.09–17.03
0.0012
0.001–0.002
3.181
2.919–3.442
+A
0.965
15.1SL,3
35.0SL
Sauridabrasiliensis
203
3.1–9.7
0.3–8.8
0.0171
0.015–0.020
2.708
2.632–2.783
–A
0.961
8.0SL,1
25.0TL
Chlorophthalmusagassizi
≥500
74
11.4–19.5
13.7–100.0
0.0038
0.002–0.006
3.401
3.222–3.579
+A
0.952
11.5TL,4
40.0TL
Coelorinchuscaelorhincus
≥500
27
13.0–30.0
5.2–112.0
0.0006
0.0003–0.0013
3.509
3.271–3.749
+A
0.973
17.2TL,5
48.0TL
Malacocephalusoccidentalis
≥500
15
27.0–38.5
49.3–162.8
0.0003
0.0002–0.0003
3.648
2.936–4.359
+A
0.904
—
45.0TL
Laemonemagoodebeanorum
≥500
15
7.5–27.3
2.4–191.5
0.0023
0.001–0.004
3.379
3.104–3.655
+A
0.982
—
30.3SL
Merlucciusalbidus
≥500
40
27.3–40.9
212.8–699.7
0.0373
0.022–0.064
2.627
2.471–2.782
–A
0.968
23.0SL,6
70.0TL,6
Urophyciscirrata
23
20.4–43.5
86.4–770.7
0.0162
0.008–0.033
2.864
2.659–3.069
I
0.976
—
66.0TL
Lepophidiumbrevibarbe
26
11.3–28.8
4.6–117.1
0.0017
0.001–0.003
3.313
3.151–3.475
+A
0.987
10.1TL,7
27.3SL
Porichthysplectrodon
217
4.2–18.3
1.2–93.3
0.0182
0.015–0.022
2.856
2.771–2.941
–A
0.953
8.0FL,8
29.0TL
Chloroscombruschrysurus
40
11.6–16.3
31.5–68.4
0.0182
0.017–0.018
3.000
—
I
0.967
11.2FL
65.0TL
Trachuruslathami
32
10.4–17.9
18.8–77.6
0.0443
0.026–0.076
2.598
2.394–2.802
–A
0.957
11.4TL
40.0TL
Citharichthysspilopterus
70
6.4–11.9
5.2–27.8
0.0283
0.021–0.038
2.763
2.632–2.894
–A
0.963
12.0SL,9
21.0TL
Cyclopsettachittendeni
231
4.5–28.8
1.2–371.3
0.0119
0.009–0.014
3.081
3.012–3.148
I
0.972
14.5TL,9
33.0TL,9
Monolenesessilicauda
36
4.9–11.8
1.1–9.6
0.0095
0.006–0.014
2.858
2.667–3.048
I
0.964
—
18.0TL
Trichopsettaventralis
873
3.6–18.0
0.5–59.6
0.0109
0.010–0.012
3.092
3.045–3.139
I
0.950
—
20.0TL
Symphurusdiomedeanus
21
5.0–14.7
0.9–31.0
0.0067
0.004–0.012
3.169
2.927–3.411
+A
0.975
—
22.0TL
Trichiuruslepturus
17
7.4–65.3
0.1–103.3
0.0001
0.0001–0.0002
3.357
3.198–3.515
+A
0.993
30.0TL
234.0TL
Bembropsgobioides
≥500
21
8.8–23.4
3.9–82.6
0.0039
0.002–0.008
3.203
2.934–3.471
+A
0.970
—
30.0TL
Synagropsbellus
20
6.3–20.7
4.6–166.6
0.0174
0.010–0.031
3.029
2.813–3.243
I
0.979
13.0TL,13
46.0TL,14
Epigonuspandionis
≥500
56
9.8–20.2
22.8–154.2
0.0358
0.022–0.058
2.809
2.633–2.984
–A
0.950
11.2TL,15
23.5TL
Centropristisphiladelphica
42
9.7–23.5
23.2–289.3
0.0323
0.020–0.053
2.862
2.676–3.047
I
0.960
—
30.0TL
Lutjanuscampechanus
35
8.0–24.7
12.7–467.2
0.0237
0.013–0.042
3.032
2.806–3.258
I
0.958
9.41FL,11
100.0TL
Pristipomoidesaquilonaris
477
3.3–20.0
1.0–197.2
0.0251
0.024–0.025
2.873
2.830–2.916
–A
0.973
—
56.0TL
Prionotuslongispinosus
183
3.9–24.7
1.3–307.6
0.0397
0.030–0.053
2.771
2.660–2.881
–A
0.931
12.0TL,16
35.0TL
Prionotusparalatus
180
7.8–17.5
7.5–85.2
0.0142
0.011–0.018
3.056
2.959–3.153
I
0.956
10.0TL,16
18.0SL,16
Peristediongreyae
123
12.8–18.4
11.9–33.4
0.0110
0.007–0.017
2.738
2.580–2.895
–A
0.907
—
23.9TL
Micropogoniasfurnieri
26
12.0–20.2
40.4–155.5
0.0643
0.035–0.118
2.594
2.368–2.821
–A
0.959
24.3TL
60.0SL
Fowlerichthysradiosus
47
2.6–9.4
1.5–57.2
0.1357
0.105–0.176
2.578
2.411–2.744
–A
0.956
—
25.0TL10
Dibranchusatlanticus
178
3.4–10.8
1.5–25.7
0.0696
0.059–0.083
2.434
2.351–2.517
–A
0.957
10.9TL,17
39.4TL
Ogcocephalusdeclivirostris
23
6.1–10.3
6.8–37.5
0.0304
0.019–0.048
3.027
2.805–3.248
I
0.975
—
16.5TL
Zalieutesmcgintyi
17
3.3–7.3
1.4–10.5
0.0579
0.039–0.087
2.634
2.415–2.853
–A
0.978
—
10.0TL
Lagocephaluslaevigatus
30
3.9–36.0
4.2–1050.3
0.0601
0.040–0.090
2.672
2.512–2.833
–A
0.976
24.5SL,12
100.0TL
n = number of individuals, SL = standard length, TL = total length, a = intercept (equation parameter), b = slope (equation parameter), 95% CI = 95% confidence limits (for both equation parameters), R2 = coefficient of determination. Species in bold denote new maximum length. I = isometric growth, –A = negative allometric growth, +A = positive allometric growth. Isometric growth is assumed in the species with low number of specimens and/or narrow range sizes (no value for 95% CIb) (Froese, 2006; Hay et al. 2020). Reference data = literature data, including information covered by FishBase, Subscript references: 1= McEachran and Fechhelm 1998, 2 = Harold 2015, 3 = Marks 2016, 4 = Onghia et al. 2006, 5 = Paramo et al. 2017a, 6 = McEachran et al. 2015a, 7 = Robins 2015, 8 = Vianna et al. 2000, 9 = Carpenter et al. 2015, 10 = McEachran et al. 2015b, 11 = Kulaw et al. 2017, 12 = Shao et al. 2014, 13 = Vaske et al. 2009, 14 = Singh-Renton et al. 2015, 15 = Paramo et al. 2017b, 16 = Collette et al. 2015, 17 = Rees 1963.
We calculated the length–weight relation using the allometric formula
W = aLb
where W is the weight of the fish [g], L is the standard length [cm], a is the intercept and b is the allometric coefficient/slope. The values of a and b were calculated with Statgraphics software (Centurion XV, Version 15.1.02, Copyright 1982–2006 StatPoint, Inc.) with a linear least squares regression using a logarithmic scale. With the value of the slope (b), it was established if the fish species has negative growth (b < 3) or positive allometric growth (b > 3) and b = 3, indicating isometric growth (Froese et al. 2011). Outliers were removed using logarithmic plots, and limits for a and b were estimated by a Student’s t-test with a 95% confidence (Froese 2006). For comparison, information on the maximum length (Lmax) and the length at first maturity (Lm) is taken from FishBase and other references, with the respective length type being indexed (TL= total length, FL= Fork length). This study provides LWR that had not yet been reported for 11 species representing four different families. In some cases, when the number of specimens and/or the range of sizes was very narrow to estimate the a and b parameters of the LWR, we assumed an isometric relation (b = 3) (Froese 2006; Hay et al. 2020) and the value of the intercept (a) will be obtained with the following formula
a=∑i=1nWL3n
Results
The descriptive statistics and the estimated LWR parameters for 39 species are summarized in Table 1. All LWR estimates were statistically significant (P < 0.05), yielding R2 > 0.900. New maximum lengths are reported for four species: Cyclothonealba (5.6 cm SL), C.braueri (4.6 cm SL), C.pseudopallida (4.8 cm SL), and Lepophidiumbrevibarbe (28.8 SL). All the values of “a” ranged between 0.0001 (Trichiuruslepturus) and 0.1357 (Fowlerichthysradiosus); and the “b” values oscillated between 2.309 (Cyclothonealba) and 3.648 (Malacocephalusoccidentalis). Positive allometric growth was reported in nine species, negative allometric growth in 16 species, and isometric growth in 14 species.
The LWR of 11 species that correspond to 10 families have not been previously reported, so it is an important contribution to their knowledge. These families and species are Congridae: Rhynchocongerflavus, Gonostomatidae: Cyclothonealba, Moridae: Laemonemagoodebeanorum, Cyclopsettidae: Cyclopsettachittendeni, Bothidae: Monolenesessilicauda, Cynoglossidae: Symphurusdiomedeanus, Bembropidae: Bembropsgobioides, Triglidae: Prionotusparalatus, Antennariidae: Fowlerichthysradiosus, and Ogcocephalidae: Ogcocephalusdeclivirostris, Zalieutesmcgintyi.
Discussion
The abundance of fish species associated with depths greater than 500 m, is usually low and the available information on their populations and growth rates are scarce (Danovaro et al. 2017). Therefore, any new data on their biology is important. The deep-sea species reported in this study are carnivorous, occurring in the vertical gradients of the continental slope and the bathyal zone, and were exemplified by Epigonuspandionis, Merlucciusalbidus, Chauliodussloani, Chlorophthalmusagassizi (see Ramírez et al. 2019). Furthermore, we highlight an amplitude in its maximum length reported by the literature corresponding to Cyclothonealba from 2.9 to 5.6 cm SL, Cyclothonebraueri from 3.8 to 4.6 cm SL, Cyclothonepseudopallida from 4.6 to 4.8 cm SL (Harold 2015) and Lepophidiumbrevibarbe from 27.3 to 28.8 cm SL. In addition, we consider that these species are the ones that are possibly being most affected during oil extraction maneuvers and hydrocarbon leaks in the depths (Fisher et al. 2016). The genus Cyclothone corresponds to the most abundant resource in these deep zones (Olivar et al. 2017) and is perhaps the main food source that generates stability in populations, so its impact would generate a disparity in the deep marine ecosystem.
LWR studies in the northern Gulf of Mexico have been very scarce. In these studies, the species analyzed include Chloroscombruschrysurus and Citharichthysspilopterus (see Dawson 1965; Galindo-Cortés et al. 2015) and a single deep-sea species Urophyciscirrata (see Matlock et al. 1988). The majority of the species mentioned in these investigations are associated with shallow coastal areas. In the presently reported study, LWR information is provided on ecologically important species found at depths greater than 500 m, including records of both juvenile and sexually matured organisms. With this information, the reports of these species in the area were completed, as well as the delivery of new biological information on the deep-sea ecosystem, which is a poorly studied region located in the north of the Gulf of Mexico, and where samples are difficult to obtain (Blomberg and Montagna 2014). Likewise, we recorded species of Micropogoniasfurnieri and Citharichthysspilopterus that did not reach sexual maturity and were captured by shrimp trawls of the same dimensions as the fishing boats, so it is possible that both species are showing a decrease in their populations.
The slope (b) that was estimated in this study was between the expected range of 2.5 to 3.5 (Froese 2006), except for Cyclothonealba (2.309) and Dibranchusatlanticus (2.434) that were found below this range of values, and for Malacocephalusoccidentalis which is above those values (3.648). For Cyclothonebraueri and Chloroscombruschrysurus with a low number of specimens and/or with low range sizes (Carlander 1997), the LWR was calculated assuming b = 3.0, being the value of the intercept considered by the formula of Hay et al. (2020). These low values can be attributed also to the combination of one or more of the following factors: habitat, area/season effect, gonad maturity stages, sex, stomach fullness, health condition, population, and differences within species and preservation techniques (Tesch 1971; Froese 2006; Bautista-Romero et al. 2012). Finally, a total of nine and 16 species showed positive and negative allometric growth, respectively, while isometric growth was reported in 14 species.
Author contribution
(following Contributor Roles Taxonomy of CRediT https://credit.niso.org):
Ariel Adriano Chi Espinola: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing.
María Eugenia Vega Cendejas: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing—original draft preparation, Writing—review and editing.
Jovita Mirella Hernández de Santillana: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Visualization, Writing—original draft preparation.
Acknowledgments
This is a contribution from the Gulf of México Research Consortium (CIGOM). We are grateful to Alex Acosta, María Blanqueto, Sergio Zavala and Mariana Uribe for processing the samples. This research was funded by the Mexican National Council for Science and Technology - Mexican Ministry of Energy - Hydrocarbon Fund, project 201441.
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