106urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:dddd9632-2f62-529d-aa08-fcb37c695039urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:73014291-F6B9-403A-8AC3-FAC9C44FEF36Acta Ichthyologica et PiscatoriaAIeP0137-15921734-1515Pensoft Publishers10.3897/aiep.53.103531103531Short CommunicationPomacentridaeFaunistics & DistributionSouth KoreaNo povertyNew record of Chromisweberi (Actinopterygii: Ovalentaria: Pomacentridae) from Jeju Island, southern KoreaMyoungSe Hun1Writing - original draftData curationFormal analysisInvestigationMyoungJung-Goo2InvestigationWooMin-Su3InvestigationKimMaeng Jin4Data curationKangMin Gu5VisualizationParkJoo Myunjoomyun@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0094-79265ConceptualizationWriting - review and editingFunding acquisitionProject administrationFisheries Resources Research Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Tongyeong, South KoreaNational Institute of Fisheries ScienceTongyeongRepublic of KoreaMarine Bio-Resources Research Unit, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan, South KoreaKorea Institute of Ocean Science and TechnologyBusanRepublic of KoreaUlleungdo-Dokdo Ocean Science Station, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ulleung, South KoreaKorea Institute of Ocean Science and TechnologyUlleungRepublic of KoreaWest Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon, South KoreaNational Institute of Fisheries ScienceIncheonRepublic of KoreaDokdo Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin, South KoreaKorea Institute of Ocean Science and TechnologyUljinRepublic of Korea
Corresponding author: Joo Myun Park (joomyun.park@kiost.ac.kr)
Ronald Fricke
2023060620235389947BBCDCED-4742-5C95-B7C2-261955FC1B840829E904-D9F3-4ABF-8F8F-6D2D596636271503202302052023Se Hun Myoung, Jung-Goo Myoung, Min-Su Woo, Maeng Jin Kim, Min Gu Kang, Joo Myun ParkThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.http://zoobank.org/0829E904-D9F3-4ABF-8F8F-6D2D59663627
Discovering tropical marine species outside of their distribution limits is important for evaluating the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. One specimen (31.6 mm standard length) of a tropical fish, Chromisweberi Fowler et Bean, 1928, representing the family Pomacentridae, was first recorded from Jeju Island, Korea, on 8 December 2021. It was characterized by black posterior margins of the preopercle and opercle and black upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin. A specimen of this species collected from Munseom was distinguished from Chromisxanthura (Bleeker, 1854) based on distinct differences in the tips of the upper and lower caudal fin lobes, which are not black in C.xanthura. In addition, C.weberi was easily distinguished from the other four species in the genus Chromis, by the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequence (345 bp), with genetic distances ranging from 0.130 to 0.252. This study documents the first record of C.weberi in temperate Korean waters, implying a poleward range expansion for this species. The Korean name ‘geom-eun-jeom-ggo-ri-ja-ri-dom’ has been proposed for C.weberi.
Chromis speciesmt DNA-COInorthernmost recordNorthwest PacificWeber’s chromisKorea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology501100007049http://doi.org/10.13039/501100007049National Institute of Fisheries Science501100008787http://doi.org/10.13039/501100008787Citation
Myoung SH, Myoung J-G, Woo M-S, Kim MJ, Kang MG, Park JM (2023) New record of Chromis weberi (Actinopterygii: Ovalentaria: Pomacentridae) from Jeju Island, southern Korea. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 53: 89–94. https://doi.org/10.3897/aiep.53.103531
Introduction
Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) are usually distributed in the tropical Indo–Pacific region and occasionally in warm temperate seas (Allen 1991; Nelson et al. 2016). The family Pomacentridae comprises 348 species belonging to 28 genera worldwide, of which 105 species from 17 genera are distributed in Japan and adjacent sea areas (Aonuma et al. 2013). However, only 20 species from seven genera have hitherto been recorded in Korean waters (Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea 2022). Damselfishes are morphologically deep and laterally compressed, with a relatively small body and mouth. They often have incomplete lateral line scales, and display color variation among individuals of the same species and locality (Froese and Pauly 2022). In addition, they lay elliptical demersal eggs guarded by males (Carpenter and Niem 2001; Froese and Pauly 2022).
Chromisweberi Fowler et Bean, 1928 is a tropical marine fish species widely distributed in warm Indo–Pacific seas from the Red Sea and eastern Africa to southern New Caledonia between the latitudes 34°05′54″N and 33°11′18″S (Froese and Pauly 2022; GBIF 2023). Chromisweberi was described as a new species in 1928. Several studies have reported it in taxonomic checklists providing its basic biological information (Randall et al. 1998; Carpenter and Niem 2001; Nakabo 2013). Despite this and its widespread distribution, there is a lack of information regarding its biology and ecology.
Poleward range extension has increased the incursion of species of tropical origin into temperate seas due to recent climate change (Gervais et al. 2021). For example, increasing ocean temperatures allow tropical fishes, especially juveniles, to survive winter in temperate waters, which may facilitate a poleward range shift of the fishes (Figueira and Booth 2010). Considering the occurrence of warm-water species in temperate seas and their rate of introduction to these areas, the regional biodiversity and ecological processes may be impacted by such non-native species in invaded areas (Dragičević et al. 2021). Therefore, climate-driven changes in species distributions and consequent ecosystem restructuring are expected to have critical ecological, social, and economic implications (Wernberg et al. 2016).
In this study, we report a new northernmost record of C.weberi in Korean waters based on a specimen collected from Munseom, Jeju Island using a scoop net while SCUBA diving. Species identification was based on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mt-COI) sequences. The results of the presently reported study will contribute to understanding their distribution range and the management of local ecosystems experiencing the incursion of non-native marine species.
Materials and methods
One specimen of Chromisweberi was collected from Munseom (33°13′39.05″N, 126°33′48.79″E) along the southern coast of Jeju Island (Fig. 1). Sampling via SCUBA diving was performed during the day for approximately 20 m in sandy and rocky bottoms on 8 December 2021. The water temperature was 19°C at the time of sampling. Immediately after capture, the specimen was transported live to the laboratory, where an image of the specimen was taken after immobilizing it. Then, meristic counts and body morphometrics were recorded following Hubbs and Lagler’s (1958) method. The body morphometric characters were determined to the nearest 0.1 mm using digital vernier calipers and a stereo microscope. The specimen was then preserved in 5% formalin for 12 h and transferred to 70% ethanol for deposition at the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST).
Map showing where the Chromisweberi specimen was collected off Munseom, Jeju Island, Korea Strait.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/860161
Total genomic DNA was extracted from the muscle tissue using 10% Chelex resin (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) to compare the molecular data. A portion of the mt-COI gene was amplified using specific primers (Radchenko et al. 2010). A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed in a 30 µL reaction tube containing 3 µL genomic DNA, 5 µL 10× PCR buffer, 4 µL 2.5 mM deoxynucleoside triphosphate, 1 µL of each primer, 0.3 µL Ex-Taq DNA polymerase, and 15.7 µL sterile distilled H2O, using a thermal cycler (MJ mini PTC-1148, Bio-Rad, USA). The PCR profile consisted of initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 34 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 1 min, annealing at 50°C, extension at 72°C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. The PCR products were purified using ExoSAP-IT (United States Biochemical Corporation USA) and sequenced using an ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator v.3.1 Ready Reaction Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Inc. USA) using an ABI 3730xl DNA analyzer (Applied Biosystems Inc.). We compared our molecular data with mt-COI DNA sequences from other Pomacentridae fishes (Chromisalbicauda Allen et Erdmann, 2009; Chromisanalis (Cuvier, 1830); Chromisnotata (Temminck et Schlegel, 1843); Chromisfumea (Tanaka, 1917); and Chromismirationis Tanaka, 1917) and one outgroup (Sillagojaponica Temminck et Schlegel, 1843) obtained from GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide). The sequences were aligned using ClustalW (Thompson et al. 1994) in BioEdit version 7 (Hall 1999). Genetic divergence was calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) model (Kimura 1980) and MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method (Saitou and Nei 1987) in MEGA 6 (Tamura et al. 2013), with confidence assessed based on 10 000 bootstrap replications.
In addition, the presently reported record of C.weberi on Juju Island was compared with previous global records based on the biological databases of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2023).
Results
Family Pomacentridae Bonaparte, 1831
Genus Chromis Cuvier, 1814
AnimaliaPerciformesPomacentridae6A8EDEAE-E740-5018-BC8E-0838B991AE05ChromisweberiFowler et Bean, 1928Note.
(Fig. 2) Body counts, measurements, and proportions of body parts expressed as the percentage of the standard length (SL) are shown in Table 1.
Chromisweberi, fresh, 31.6 mm SL, off Munseom, Jeju Island, South Korea.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/860162
Comparison of counts and measurements of Chromisweberi.
Morphological characters
Presently reported specimen
Masuda et al. 1984
Nakabo 2013
Counts
Dorsal rays
XIII, 11
XIII, 11
XIII, 11
Anal rays
II, 11
II, 11
II, 11–12
Pectoral rays
18
18–20
18–20
LLP
17
17–19
17–19
GR
8–9 + 19–22
8–9 + 19–22
8–9 + 19–22
Standard length (SL) [mm]
31.61
—
—
Measurements [%SL]
Total length
135.1
—
—
Body depth
44.6
—
—
Head length
30.6
—
—
Snout length
6.1
—
—
Orbit diameter
12.7
—
—
Upper jaw length
10.1
—
—
Pre-dorsal length
41.3
—
—
Pre-anal length
71.7
—
—
Length of dorsal fin base
49.1
—
—
Length of anal fin base
18.4
—
—
Depth of caudal peduncle
15.7
—
—
Length of caudal peduncle
18.4
—
—
Material examined.
KIOST 00001, 1 specimen, 31.6 mm SL, Munseom, Jeju Island, Korea (33°13′39.05″N, 126°33′48.79″E).
Description.
Body deep and laterally compressed (Fig. 2); mouth small and terminal, with conical teeth in both jaws; single dorsal fin with deeply notched fin membrane originating vertically above pelvic fin; lateral line tubular and incomplete below dorsal soft rays. Head brown, and dorsal surface of head dark brown and iridescent under eyes and anterior tip (Fig. 2). Dorsal side of body dark brown; ventral side light brown. Posterior margins of preopercles and opercles black. Spiny rays and anterior soft rays of dorsal fin, anterior part of anal fins, and tips of upper and lower lobes of caudal fin black. Base of pelvic fins slightly black and becoming transparent toward tip. Posterior soft rays of dorsal fin and anal fin and central part of caudal fin transparent.
Genetics.
Analysis of the mt-COI gene sequence (345 bp) showed that the specimen differed from other Chromis species recorded in the region with a genetic distance values of 0.130–0.252 (Fig. 3).
Neighbor-joining tree showing the relation between Chromisweberi (presently reported study; MF409549) and other Chromis spp., with one outgroup (Sillagojaponica) using mt-COI DNA sequences. Numbers at branches indicate bootstrap probabilities in 1000 bootstrap replications. Bar indicates a genetic distance of 0.02.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/860163Discussion
The body morphometrics of the specimen matched well the original description of Chromisweberi (see Fowler and Bean 1928), with black posterior margins of the preopercles and opercles and black upper and lower lobes of the caudal fin (Aonuma et al. 2013). The body morphology of C.weberi is similar to that of Chromisxanthura (Bleeker, 1854) with the only distinct difference being the tips of the upper and lower caudal fin lobes, which are not black in C.xanthura (see Aonuma et al. 2013). The mt-COI DNA sequence also confirmed genetic differences from other damselfishes from Korea. Therefore, this study documents the first record of C.weberi in Korean waters and we suggest the new Korean name of ‘geom-eun-jeom-ggo-ri-ja-ri-dom’1 for this species.
Chromisweberi is a typical subtropical fish species distributed mainly between 32°N and 23°S (Froese and Pauly 2022). According to the GBIF database (Fig. 4), the northernmost distribution of C.weberi was recorded at 34°05′54″N in 1975 on the eastern Pacific coast of Japan affected by the Kuroshio warm current (GBIF 2023). Except for this one record, the northern distribution limit of the species is 30°N, whereas the southern distribution limit is approximately 35°S (GBIF 2023). Therefore, this study reports a new and additional northernmost record of C.weberi, implying a poleward expansion of the species distribution.
Distribution records of Chromisweberi, showing historical records (red circles) from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF 2023) and the new record (blue square) off Jeju Island, South Korea.
https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/860164
Several studies have reported a worldwide poleward expansion in marine fish distributions in relation to climate change (Sunday et al. 2015; Park et al. 2017; Gervais et al. 2021; Azzola et al. 2022; Imamura et al. 2022). For example, on the eastern coast of Australia, a number of tropical Pomacentrids have dispersed to the southern temperate waters as a result of ocean warming (Figueira and Booth 2010; Fowler et al. 2018). In addition, several tropical marine fishes have been newly detected in Korean waters, especially around Jeju Island (Choi et al. 2013; Kim and Song 2014; Lee and Kim 2021), and these reports of such new records have gradually increased in recent years. The mechanisms of poleward range extensions of tropical marine fishes are generally based on a tendency of larval dispersal into temperate areas from natal tropical reefs, strength poleward inflow of warm current for advection of tropical larvae, recruitment to temperate reefs, and then the existence of sub-tropical breeding populations (Fowler et al. 2018). Although no data had been previously available on the occurrence of C.weberi larvae in Korean seas, some Pomacentrids larvae have been recorded in these regions, implying poleward extension of distribution through larval dispersal and subsequent colonization (Huh et al. 2013; Song et al. 2014).
The occurrence of these species in temperate Korean seas is attributed chiefly to the gradual increase in sea surface temperature and the northward trend of the Tsushima Warm Current as a result of global climate change (Jung et al. 2014; Son et al. 2020). Interannual trends in water temperature indicate that the marine ecosystem in Jeju Island is gradually changing into a subtropical sea (Suh et al. 2011; Seo and Park 2021). Therefore, we can expect a progressive increase in reporting of tropical and subtropical marine species to be recorded in the southern Korea Strait.
The discovery of a specimen of C.weberi along the southern coast of Jeju Island implies a poleward range extension of species distribution that can be attributed to the effects of climate change. Efforts to discover unrecorded species will help evaluate the influence of climate change on temperate marine ecosystems. In addition, this study provides essential data for a better understanding of the current status of the marine ecosystem on Jeju Island and planning for future management in terms of biodiversity of local marine ecosystems in places of impending biodiversity crisis due to the introduction of tropical and/or subtropical marine species.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (grant number PEA0111) and supported by a grant from the National Institute of Fisheries Sciences (grant number R2023009).
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