Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the Kimura 2-parameter model, constructed using COI gene sequence of UPVMI 3111 (this study) and verified sequences of Himantura spp. from Borsa et al. (2021). Bootstrap support values (1,000 replicates) are shown at nodes, and the scale bar represents evolutionary distance in substitutions per site.

 
 
  Part of: Cabebe-Barnuevo R, Penuela DF, Delloro Jr. ES, Babaran RP, Motomura H, Malay MCD (2025) Cartilaginous fish diversity in the Western Visayas, Philippines, including two putative unidentified species and the first record of Carcharhinus plumbeus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae). Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 55: 51-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/aiep.55.139721