Location of fixed landmarks in species of the Theraps–Paraneetroplus clade (image modified from Mejía et al. 2015). 1. Anterior end of the lower maxilla, 2. Anterior end of the upper maxilla, 3. Length of the ascending premaxillary process, 4. End of the supraoccipital bone, 5. Start of the dorsal fin, 6. Last spine of the dorsal fin, 7. End of the dorsal fin, 8. Upper boundary of the caudal fin, 9. Center of the caudal fin, 10. Base of the caudal fin, 11. End of the anal fin, 12. Last spine of the anal fin, 13. Origin of the anal fin, 14. Origin of the pelvic fin, 15. Cleitral fusion, 16. Posterior end of the lower maxilla, 17. Posterior end of the upper lip, 18. Maximum point of curvature at the preoperculum, 19. Upper end of the preoperculum, 20. Upper end of the operculum, 21. Most posterior end at the operculum, 22. Dorsal insertion of the pectoral fin, 23. Ventral insertion of the pectoral fin, 24. Upper extreme of the sphenotic orbit, 25. Base of the sphenotic orbit, 26. Left extreme of the sphenotic orbit, 27. Right extreme of the sphenotic orbit.