Research Article |
Corresponding author: Roxanne A. Cabebe-Barnuevo ( racabebe@up.edu.ph ) Corresponding author: Ricardo P. Babaran ( rpbabaran@up.edu.ph ) Academic editor: Ronald Fricke
© 2022 Roxanne A. Cabebe-Barnuevo, Emmanuel S. Delloro Jr, Dianne Frances A. Penuela, Maria Celia D. Malay, Hiroyuki Motomura, Ricardo P. Babaran.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Cabebe-Barnuevo RA, Delloro Jr ES, Penuela DFA, Malay MCD, Motomura H, Babaran RP (2022) New record of anthiadine fish, Plectranthias yamakawai (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Serranidae), from the Philippines. Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 52(4): 299-307. https://doi.org/10.3897/aiep.52.96112
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A single specimen of Plectranthias yamakawai Yoshino, 1972, 168.86 mm SL, obtained in a fish market in Zambales, Philippines, represents the first report in the country. Currently, the fish is only known to occur in Japan, Taiwan, and Samoa Islands. This anthiadine fish varies from other species of genus Plectranthias by having 30–33 lateral-line scales, a single red blotch below the lateral line, and numerous dark green blotches on the upper half of the body. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) is also described for the first time for this species in this article. The pairwise genetic distance computation reveals that P. yamakawai has a very low distance from the sequences of the other eight species of Plectranthias that have been submitted to GenBank. This is the sixth species of the genus Plectranthias to be reported from the western coast of Luzon, Philippines.
Anthiadinae, COI, morphology, serranids, taxonomy, Zambales
The genus Plectranthias Bleeker, 1873 was initially revised by
The genus Plectranthias is one of the 29 genera that make up the subfamily Anthiadinae (Anderson 2018). This group is widely distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical seas of the Indo–Pacific and the western Atlantic and can be found in shallow to deeper waters (2–400 m) (
Plectranthias yamakawai
was firstly described by
A single specimen of Plectranthias yamakawai was collected in a fish market in Zambales Province, Western Luzon, Philippines. The specimen was transported to the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV), Miagao, Iloilo in an insulated ice cooler with crushed ice. Curatorial techniques followed
Muscle tissue was collected from the nape area on the right side of the fish and preserved in absolute ethanol. DNA extractions were carried out according to the instructions of the GF-1 Nucleic Acid Extraction Kit (Vivantis Technologies Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia). The combination of the forward and reverse primers below designed by
FishF1 – 5′TCAACCAACCACAAAGACATTGGCAC3′
FishR1 – 5′TAGACTTCTGGGTGGCCAAAGAATCA3′
The 25 μL PCR reaction was composed of 18.4 μL nuclease-free water, 2.25 μL 10× buffer, 1.25 μL MgCl2 (25 mM), 0.5 μL dNTP mix (10 mM), 0.25 μL of each primer, 0.1 μL Taq DNA polymerase (Vivantis Technologies Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia), and 2 μL DNA template. The PCR thermocycling conditions used are as follows: initial step at 95°C for 2 min, 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 s (denaturation), 54°C for 30 s (annealing), and 72°C for 1 min (extension), with a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The PCR products were visualized using 1% agarose gel with gel red. Purification of PCR products was carried out using GF-1 PCR Clean-up Kit. The genomic DNA was quantified using a MultiSkanTM Skyhigh Microplate Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The PCR products were sent to Macrogen Inc. (South Korea) for sequencing. Consensus sequences were formed, cleaned, and trimmed using Unipro EUGENE software (
Family Serranidae Swainson, 1839
Plectranthias Bleeker, 1873
UPVMI-01360, 168.86 mm SL, Zambales fish market, the Philippines, 1 March 2022, leg. R.P. Babaran.
Single specimen of Plectranthias yamakawai had following combination of characters: dorsal-fin spines X, dorsal-fin soft rays 18, anal-fin spines III, anal-fin soft rays 7, pectoral-fin rays 13, lateral-line scales 31, scales above lateral line 5, scales below lateral line 17, and gill rakers 6 + 10. Body compressed, moderately deep, depth 2.18 in SL; head large (length 2.19 in SL, depth 3.86 in SL), slightly convex dorsally. Mouth large, terminal; maxilla large, expanded easily, exposed when mouth closed; lower jaw significantly extending beyond upper jaw; opercle consisting of three spines (middle spine strongest and longest); preopercle serrated with three antrorse spines on lower margin of left side and two spines on right side; subopercle and interopercle margins not serrated. Teeth on both jaws minute; two enlarged conical teeth on right side and three on left side positioned anterior of upper jaw; single, enlarged, conical tooth positioned in middle area on both sides of lower jaw. Both vomerine and palatine patches consisting of villiform teeth; vomerine tooth patch V-shaped while palatine tooth patches narrow band-shaped. Teeth on tongue absent; base of tongue broad becoming narrow at front end. Scales on body large, ctenoid in shape; head area covered with scales except for snout, lips, maxillary, and ventral area; operculum completely covered with large scales; nape area covered with smaller scales; dorsal-, anal-, and pectoral-fin bases with small scales. Dorsal-fin spines stiff and connected to dorsal-fin soft rays; 4th dorsal-fin spine longest (26.48 mm vs. 5th spine 25.08 mm and 3rd spine 23.68 mm). Anal-fin spines long and rigid; 2nd anal-fin spine as longest (28.98 mm vs. 1st spine 14.09 mm and 3rd spine 27.65 mm). Pectoral-fin rays long, longest fin ray reaching beyond posterior end of anal-fin base, 1st pectoral-fin ray unbranched; 2nd–13th pectoral-fin rays branched. Pelvic fin inserted anterior to pectoral-fin base; longest pelvic-fin ray not reaching anus. Caudal fin emarginate; 5th–7th upper lobe-fin rays filamentous.
Body reddish-yellow (dorsal side) and white (ventral area) (Fig.
Body light brown (Fig.
Plectranthias yamakawai
is commonly collected from various fishing grounds in Ryukyu Islands, Japan (
Three of the five species of Plectranthias previously documented in the Philippines have been described as new species based on the Philippine specimens, P. foresti, P. inermis, and P. knappi, while the other two are documented as new records (P. japonicus and P. sagamiensis). Plectranthias foresti was described based on four specimens trawled at depths of 183–185 m off southwestern Luzon (
A comparison of the counts and measurements of Plectranthias yamakawai from the Philippines (this study) with those of the Japanese holotype (
Character | Holotype FAKU-44565 |
This study UPVMI-01360) |
Difference [percentage point] |
---|---|---|---|
Meristics | X, 17 | X, 18 | |
Anal fin | III, 7 | III, 7 | |
Pectoral fin | 13 | 13 | |
Gill rakers | 6 + 10 | 6 + 10 | |
Lateral-line (LL) scales | 33 | 31 | |
Scales above LL | — | 5 | |
Scales below LL | — | 17 | |
In %SL | |||
Head length | 43.48 | 45.68 | 2.2 |
Head depth | — | 25.92 | |
Body depth | 37.17 | 45.86 | 2.4 |
Pectoral-fin length | 35.34 | 39.84 | 4.5 |
Dorsal-fin base | — | 57.79 | |
Anal-fin base | — | 16.95 | |
Pectoral-fin base | — | 8.24 | |
Pelvic-fin base | — | 4.61 | |
In %HL | |||
Snout length | 23.36 | 28.55 | 5.2 |
Maxillary length | 44.44 | 45.02 | 0.6 |
Eye diameter | 25.25 | 26.26 | 1.0 |
Interorbital width | 13.81 | 10.40 | –3.4 |
Pre-dorsal length | — | 53.86 | |
Post orbital head length | 56.18 | 50.29 | –5.9 |
Caudal peduncle depth | 31.25 | 28.31 | –2.9 |
Caudal peduncle length | 43.48 | 33.48 | –10.0 |
Ventral fin length | 47.17 | 49.97 | 2.8 |
Ventral spine length | 27.86 | 31.13 | 3.3 |
3rd dorsal spine length | 30.30 | 30.70 | 0.4 |
4th dorsal spine length | 33.33 | 34.33 | 1.0 |
5th dorsal spine length | — | 32.51 | |
Last dorsal spine length | 17.54 | 20.34 | 2.8 |
Length of longest soft dorsal ray | 41.49 | Damaged | |
1st anal spine length | 15.27 | 18.27 | 3.0 |
2nd anal spine length | 31.75 | 37.57 | 5.8 |
3rd anal spine length | 28.57 | 35.84 | 7.3 |
Pairwise genetic distance calculated using the K2P model between the COI gene sequences of Plectranthias yamakawai from the Philippines (this study) and the 15 sequences of different species of Plectranthias from GenBank. The number of base substitutions per site is given between the sequences. The standard error estimate(s) indicated above the diagonal were obtained using a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates).
UPVMI-01360 P. yamakawai (E510) | — | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KT601636_1 P. bennetti Australia | 0.17 | — | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
MF123989_1 P. winniensis Israel | 0.19 | 0.20 | — | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
MF123988_1 P. winniensis Israel | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.00 | — | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
KC565480_1 P. flammeus Marquesas | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KC565479_1 P. flammeus Marquesas | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.00 | — | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KC565478_1 P. flammeus Marquesas | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KC565477_1 P. flammeus Marquesas | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | — | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KC567663_1 P. fourmanoiri Marquesas | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | — | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KC567662_1 P. fourmanoiri Marquesas | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.00 | — | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
JQ432004_1 P. longimanus French polynesia | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.23 | — | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
KU943548_1 P. kamii Taiwan | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | — | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
KU943449_1 P. japonicus Taiwan | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.18 | — | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
KU943448_1 P. japonicus Taiwan | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.00 | — | 0.02 | 0.03 |
KC565483_1 P. winniensis Marquesas | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.20 | — | 0.02 |
KC565481_1 P. nanus Marquesas | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.21 | — |
The presently reported specimen was identified as Plectranthias yamakawai based on the following characteristics: a single large red spot located just below the lateral line, yellow-fringed dark greenish spots scattered on the upper half of the body and head, 4th and 5th dorsal spine longer than the 3rd dorsal spine, and 30–33 lateral-line scales (
Plectranthias yamakawai
has a lateral-line scale count similar to Plectranthias whiteheadi Randall, 1980 and Plectranthias sheni Chen et Shao, 2002; however, P. yamakawai differs from these two species due to distinct colored spots on the body as compared to the yellowish pink with a series of golden blotches on the body of P. sheni and the presence of two rows of large dark red blotches located dorsally on the body of P. whiteheadi (
A comparison of the measurements of the Philippine specimen and the holotype of this species is presented by recalculating
The mitochondrial DNA sequence obtained from this study was submitted to GenBank under accession number OP614925 and serves as the first report on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) of Plectranthias yamakawai. The BLAST analysis shows that there are no close matches of the Philippine sequence with the submitted sequences in GenBank. Pairwise genetic distances are shown in Table
Reporting Plectranthias yamakawai as a new record from the Philippines is very important to update the information on the distribution of the organism as well as the current information on fishes occurring in the country. As a result of this study, six species of Plectranthias are now known to exist in the country. Furthermore, none of the five species of this genus previously reported in the Philippines presently have genetic information in GenBank. Since the majority of the species of Plectranthias were described using only one or two specimens and lacked genetic information, species identification is challenging. Therefore, studies such as this, and further documentation of other species in this group, will help in filling in data gaps.
We gratefully acknowledge the funding support under the UP System Emerging Inter-Disciplinary Research Program (OVPAA-EIDR-C08-011-R) and Leverage fund from the Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Extension (OVCRE), University of the Philippines Visayas (2020-13-SP). This study was also supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 20H03311 and 21H03651, and the JSPS Core-to-Core CREPSUM JPJSCCB20200009. We also acknowledge the collaborations with the Philippine Genome Center Visayas, UPV National Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (NIMBB), and UPV-Museum of Natural Sciences University of the Philippines Visayas. We are also grateful to Hidetoshi Wada for providing important research articles that helped us refine the original manuscript. We also thank the two reviewers (H. Wada and an anonymous reviewer) for their contributions, valuable insights, and suggestions that helped improve the manuscript.